Encyclopedia Folklorica - Recent changes [en]

Template:Further reading

Eashcroft — Thu, 02 Jul 2026 05:46:42 GMT

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City of London

Eashcroft — Thu, 02 Jul 2026 05:44:58 GMT

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	= Template:Further reading =		= Template:Further reading =

	Formats ~~entries~~ in the "Further reading" section.		Formats a single entry in the "Further reading" section.

	== Usage ==		== Usage ==

	<pre>		<pre>
	{{Further reading		* {{Further reading
	\|author=Brown, Lucy		\|author=Brown, Lucy
	\|title=Victorian News and Newspapers		\|title=Victorian News and Newspapers

City of London

Eashcroft — Thu, 02 Jul 2026 05:37:10 GMT

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	\|title=		\|title=Victorian News and Newspapers
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	\|year=		\|year=1985
	\|isbn=		\|isbn=
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	~~<pre>~~		Produces:
	~~{{Further reading~~
	~~\|author=~~Lucy ~~Brown~~		* Brown, Lucy. ''Victorian News and Newspapers''. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985.
	~~\|title=~~Victorian News and Newspapers
	~~\|place=~~Oxford
	~~\|publisher=~~Clarendon Press
	~~\|year=~~1985
	}}
	~~</pre>~~
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City of London

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	== Further reading ==		== Further reading ==

	* Ackroyd, Peter. ''London: The Biography''. London: Chatto & Windus, ~~2000.~~		{{Further reading
	* Barron, Caroline M. ''London in the Later Middle Ages: Government and ~~People 1200–1500''.~~ Oxford~~: Oxford University~~ Press, ~~2004~~.		\|author=Brown, Lucy
	* Porter, Roy. ''London~~: A Social History''. London:~~ Hamish Hamilton~~, 1994.~~		\|title=Victorian News and Newspapers
			\|place=Oxford
			\|publisher=Clarendon Press
			\|year=1985
			}}

			{{Further reading
			\|author=Koss, Stephen
			\|title=The Rise and Fall of the Political Press in Britain
			\|edition=2 vols.
			\|place=London
			\|publisher=Hamish Hamilton
			\|year=1981–1984
			}}

	== External links ==		== External links ==

Template:Further reading

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= Template:Further reading =

Formats entries for the ''Further reading'' section.

== Usage ==

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|author=
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}}
</pre>

== Example ==

<pre>
{{Further reading
|author=Lucy Brown
|title=Victorian News and Newspapers
|place=Oxford
|publisher=Clarendon Press
|year=1985
}}
</pre>
</noinclude>

City of London

Eashcroft — Thu, 02 Jul 2026 05:11:55 GMT

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	<ref name="sw">{{cite web \|title=City of London \|website=SourceWatch \|url=https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=City_of_London \|access-date=1 July 2026}}</ref>		<ref name="sw">{{cite web \|title=City of London \|website=SourceWatch \|url=https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=City_of_London \|access-date=1 July 2026}}</ref>
	</references>		</references>
	~~{{Reflist}}~~

	== Further reading ==		== Further reading ==

City of London

Eashcroft — Thu, 02 Jul 2026 05:10:56 GMT

Created page with "= City of London = thumb|350px|The City of London skyline, viewed from across the River Thames. The City forms the historic core of London and remains a distinct local government area within it. The '''City of London''' — commonly known as ''the City'' or ''the Square Mile'' — is a city, ceremonial county and local government district forming the historic centre of London, England.<ref name="col2"..."

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= City of London =

[[File:City of London skyline from London City Hall - Oct 2008.jpg|thumb|350px|The City of London skyline, viewed from across the River Thames. The City forms the historic core of London and remains a distinct local government area within it.]]

The '''City of London''' — commonly known as ''the City'' or ''the Square Mile'' — is a city, ceremonial county and local government district forming the historic centre of London, England.<ref name="col2"/> Although it lies entirely within the wider conurbation of [[Greater London]], the City has retained its own distinct system of government since before the Norman Conquest and is administered separately by the [[City of London Corporation]] rather than by one of the 32 London boroughs.<ref name="col1"/><ref name="col2"/>

Fleet Street forms part of the City's western boundary, and the [[Folklorica Institute]] regards the City's long institutional continuity — its guilds, courts and archives stretching back centuries — as the wider civic setting in which the editorial folklore of nearby Fleet Street first took shape.

== Etymology and origins ==

The City takes its name directly from the settlement founded by the Romans as ''Londinium'', probably established a few years after the Claudian invasion of Britain in AD 43, on or near the site the City occupies today.<ref name="bri"/><ref name="lm-roman"/> One scholarly theory holds that the name itself derives from an earlier Brittonic word, possibly the name of a pre-existing farmstead or landholding on the site, though the exact etymology remains debated among historians.<ref name="hh"/>

== History ==

=== Roman Londinium ===

Londinium was established as a civilian settlement at a point where the Thames could be bridged, quickly becoming a road hub and a major port linking Britain to the rest of the Roman Empire.<ref name="bri"/><ref name="unrv"/> In around AD 60–61, the settlement was destroyed by the Iceni under Queen Boudica, but it was rapidly rebuilt as a planned town and grew steadily over the following decades, reaching a population estimated at around 45,000–60,000 at its height.<ref name="lm-roman"/><ref name="unrv"/> Between roughly 190 and 225, the Romans built a defensive wall around the landward side of the city; substantial sections of this London Wall survive today and its course still shapes the City's boundaries.<ref name="lm-roman"/><ref name="unrv"/> Londinium declined steadily through the fourth century and was effectively abandoned by the Romans early in the fifth.<ref name="lm-roman"/>

=== Medieval self-government ===

The walled city was resettled and refortified under Alfred the Great after its recapture from Danish control in 886, and by 1200 the city and its immediate suburbs covered roughly 680 acres — an area that still defines the official boundary of the City of London today — with a population of around 30,000.<ref name="bri"/> Trade guilds representing merchants and craftsmen began to organise formally from the twelfth century onward; the Weavers received the earliest surviving charter of incorporation, in 1155, and these bodies gradually evolved into the livery companies that continue to elect the City's civic officers.<ref name="sky"/><ref name="btt"/> Henry Fitz Ailwyn became the first Lord Mayor of London in 1189, an office that has continued in unbroken succession ever since.<ref name="btt"/><ref name="col4"/> The livery companies' shared meeting hall, the Guildhall, was constructed between 1411 and 1440 and remains the only secular stone structure in the City dating from before 1666 still standing.<ref name="sky"/>

=== The Great Fire of 1666 ===

The Great Fire of London broke out in a bakery on Pudding Lane on 2 September 1666 and burned for four days, destroying roughly 85 per cent of the area within the old city walls together with a further stretch of housing beyond them.<ref name="ox"/> Around 13,200 houses, 86 parish churches, the medieval Guildhall, the Royal Exchange and some 44 livery company halls were lost, leaving tens of thousands of people homeless, though remarkably few lives were recorded lost.<ref name="ox"/><ref name="ebsco"/> Despite the scale of the destruction, the City's civic institutions proved resilient: livery companies resumed meeting within days, and the rebuilding — much of it overseen by Sir Christopher Wren, including a new St Paul's Cathedral — largely followed the old medieval street pattern rather than the more radical replanning schemes that had been proposed.<ref name="ox"/>

=== War and reconstruction ===

The City suffered heavy bombing during the Blitz of 1940–41; the raid of 10–11 May 1941 alone set fires across an area larger than that destroyed by the Great Fire of 1666, and a bomb that struck near the Royal Exchange on 10 January 1941 tore through into Bank Underground station.<ref name="lm-blitz"/><ref name="lm-blitzphotos"/> Large parts of the City were rebuilt in the postwar decades, and from the later twentieth century onward it consolidated its position as one of the world's leading financial centres, a role formalised through successive waves of office redevelopment.<ref name="col5"/>

== Governance ==

The City of London Corporation is, by its own description, the oldest continuous system of local government in the country, with origins predating Parliament itself.<ref name="col1"/><ref name="col2"/> It is headed by the Lord Mayor of London — a distinct office from the modern Mayor of London, who leads the Greater London Authority and has no jurisdiction within the City's boundaries.<ref name="col3"/> The Lord Mayoralty, an elected, largely ceremonial and internationally representative role focused on the UK's financial and professional services sector, is renewed annually and traces its origin to 1189.<ref name="col3"/><ref name="col4"/>

The Corporation's principal decision-making body is the Court of Common Council, alongside the more ceremonial Court of Aldermen, which draws one alderman from each of the City's 25 wards.<ref name="col1"/><ref name="col5"/> Senior members of the livery companies form the Common Hall, which elects the Lord Mayor and the City's Sheriffs each year.<ref name="sky"/><ref name="btt"/> Unlike anywhere else in the United Kingdom, both residents and qualifying businesses are entitled to vote in Corporation elections, a franchise arrangement that commentators such as journalist George Monbiot have singled out as unique among British local authorities.<ref name="sw"/> The City also maintains its own police force, separate from the Metropolitan Police that covers the rest of Greater London.<ref name="col1"/><ref name="col2"/>

The Corporation's remit extends well beyond the Square Mile itself: it manages more than 11,000 acres of green space, including Hampstead Heath and Epping Forest, oversees historic wholesale markets such as Billingsgate and Smithfield, is trustee of five City bridges including Tower Bridge, and is principal funder of the Barbican Centre, the Guildhall School of Music & Drama and the London Archives.<ref name="col1"/>

== Geography and demographics ==

The City covers approximately 1.12 square miles (716.8 acres), giving rise to its popular nickname "the Square Mile."<ref name="col2"/> Its boundaries run roughly from Temple in the west to the Tower of London in the east, and from Chancery Lane to Liverpool Street.<ref name="col1"/> Despite its small area, the City had 8,600 residents at the time of the 2021 census, alongside an estimated 614,500 people who worked there according to 2022 figures — a ratio between resident and working populations found in few other places in the world.<ref name="col2"/>

== Economy ==

The City is the historic heart of Britain's financial and professional services industry, an industry the Corporation states employs some 2.5 million people across the United Kingdom as a whole.<ref name="col5"/> Alongside banking, insurance and legal services, the Corporation continues to oversee several of London's historic wholesale markets that trace their origins to the City's medieval trading economy.<ref name="col1"/>

== Within Encyclopedia Folklorica ==

Within the Encyclopedia Folklorica, the City of London is treated as the historical and institutional backdrop against which the editorial folklore of Fleet Street developed. Researchers at the Folklorica Institute note that the City's unbroken civic continuity — its courts, wards and livery companies persisting largely unreformed since the medieval period — created the stable institutional environment in which centuries of printers' customs, and the anomalies later associated with [[Typographic Drift]], could be documented and passed down.

== See also ==

* [[Fleet Street]]
* [[Folklorica Institute]]
* [[Royal Society of Everyday Phenomena]]

== References ==

<references>
<ref name="bri">{{cite web |title=History of London |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/London/History |access-date=1 July 2026}}</ref>
<ref name="lm-roman">{{cite web |title=A timeline of Roman London: Londinium from start to end |website=London Museum |url=https://www.londonmuseum.org.uk/collections/london-stories/timeline-roman-london-londinium/ |access-date=1 July 2026}}</ref>
<ref name="hh">{{cite web |title=Londinium: The Roman Origins of London |website=History Hit |url=https://www.historyhit.com/roman-origins-of-london/ |access-date=1 July 2026}}</ref>
<ref name="unrv">{{cite web |title=Londinium - Roman London |website=UNRV Roman History |url=https://www.unrv.com/articles/londinium.php |access-date=1 July 2026}}</ref>
<ref name="col1">{{cite web |title=Our role in London |website=City of London Corporation |url=https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/about-us/about-the-city-of-london-corporation/our-role-in-london |access-date=1 July 2026}}</ref>
<ref name="col2">{{cite web |title=Who we are |website=City of London Corporation |url=https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/about-us/plans-policies/our-corporate-plan/who-we-are |access-date=1 July 2026}}</ref>
<ref name="col3">{{cite web |title=The Lady Mayor/Lord Mayor and the Mayor of London |website=City of London Corporation |url=https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/about-us/about-the-city-of-london-corporation/lord-mayor/lord-mayor-mayor-of-london |access-date=1 July 2026}}</ref>
<ref name="col4">{{cite web |title=The role of the Lady Mayor |website=City of London Corporation |url=https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/about-us/about-the-city-of-london-corporation/lord-mayor/role-of-lord-mayor |access-date=1 July 2026}}</ref>
<ref name="col5">{{cite web |title=Organisational structure |website=City of London Corporation |url=https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/about-us/about-the-city-of-london-corporation/organisational-structure |access-date=1 July 2026}}</ref>
<ref name="sky">{{cite web |title=The Guilds and Livery Companies |website=Sky HISTORY TV Channel |url=https://www.history.co.uk/articles/the-guilds-and-livery-companies |access-date=1 July 2026}}</ref>
<ref name="btt">{{cite web |title=The History of London Livery Companies |website=Black Taxi Tour London |date=3 August 2023 |url=https://www.blacktaxitourlondon.com/blog/the-history-of-london-livery-companies |access-date=1 July 2026}}</ref>
<ref name="ox">{{cite web |title=Facing up to catastrophe: The Great Fire of London |website=Faculty of History, University of Oxford |url=https://www.history.ox.ac.uk/facing-catastrophe-great-fire-london |access-date=1 July 2026}}</ref>
<ref name="ebsco">{{cite web |title=Great Fire of London |website=EBSCO Research Starters |url=https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/great-fire-london |access-date=1 July 2026}}</ref>
<ref name="lm-blitz">{{cite web |title=London's Blitz: A city at war |website=London Museum |url=https://www.londonmuseum.org.uk/collections/london-stories/londons-blitz-a-city-at-war/ |access-date=1 July 2026}}</ref>
<ref name="lm-blitzphotos">{{cite web |title=Photos of bomb-shattered London in the Blitz |website=London Museum |url=https://www.londonmuseum.org.uk/collections/london-stories/photos-bomb-shattered-london-blitz/ |access-date=1 July 2026}}</ref>
<ref name="sw">{{cite web |title=City of London |website=SourceWatch |url=https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=City_of_London |access-date=1 July 2026}}</ref>
</references>
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* Ackroyd, Peter. ''London: The Biography''. London: Chatto & Windus, 2000.
* Barron, Caroline M. ''London in the Later Middle Ages: Government and People 1200–1500''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
* Porter, Roy. ''London: A Social History''. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1994.

== External links ==

* Official City of London Corporation website
* London Metropolitan Archives / The London Archives
* Museum of London Roman London collections

[[Category:City of London]]
[[Category:Ceremonial counties of England]]
[[Category:Local government in London]]
[[Category:Roman sites in London]]

Template:Cite web

Eashcroft — Thu, 02 Jul 2026 05:01:25 GMT

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		\|last=Mock
		\|first=John
		\|date=2026
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		== References ==

		<references />

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	~~== References ==~~

	~~<references />~~

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This is a test sentence.<ref>This is my first test reference.</ref>

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<references />

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== Usage ==

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Fleet Street

Eashcroft — Thu, 02 Jul 2026 04:34:42 GMT

Show changes

Fleet Street

Eashcroft — Thu, 02 Jul 2026 04:07:29 GMT

Created page with "= Fleet Street = thumb|350px|Fleet Street in the City of London. For centuries the street was synonymous with British journalism and publishing. '''Fleet Street''' is a historic street in the City of London, England, extending east from Temple Bar to Ludgate Circus. For more than three centuries it served as the traditional centre of the British newspaper industry, becoming so closely associated with journalism that th..."

New page

= Fleet Street =

[[File:Fleet Street looking east.jpg|thumb|350px|Fleet Street in the City of London. For centuries the street was synonymous with British journalism and publishing.]]

'''Fleet Street''' is a historic street in the [[City of London]], England, extending east from [[Temple Bar]] to [[Ludgate Circus]]. For more than three centuries it served as the traditional centre of the British newspaper industry, becoming so closely associated with journalism that the name ''Fleet Street'' entered common usage as a metonym for the British press.

The street remains an important historic and cultural landmark despite the relocation of most national newspapers during the late twentieth century.

Within the field of editorial folklore, Fleet Street occupies a unique position. Owing to its long association with printers, compositors, editors and publishers, it has become the setting for numerous traditions, superstitions and accounts of unexplained editorial phenomena. Researchers at the [[Folklorica Institute]] regard the district as the birthplace of modern editorial folklore.

== Etymology ==

Fleet Street derives its name from the nearby [[River Fleet]], one of London's historic rivers. Although the river now flows largely underground, it once formed an important geographical feature of medieval London and gave its name to the surrounding district.

== History ==

Fleet Street has served as an important thoroughfare since Roman times, linking the commercial centre of the City of London with Westminster.

By the early modern period the street had become home to printers, booksellers, stationers and legal institutions. Improvements in printing technology during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries encouraged publishers and newspapers to establish offices along the street, creating a concentration of editorial and publishing activity unmatched elsewhere in Britain.

During the nineteenth century Fleet Street became internationally recognised as the centre of British journalism. Many of the nation's largest newspapers maintained editorial offices, printing works or headquarters there, while generations of reporters, editors and compositors worked within a few hundred metres of one another.

Although advances in printing technology and changing business requirements led most newspaper organisations to relocate during the 1980s and 1990s, Fleet Street continues to symbolise the British newspaper industry.

== Printing and publishing ==

Fleet Street played a central role in the development of modern journalism. Daily newspapers, illustrated weeklies, specialist journals and news agencies all operated from the district at various points in its history.

The rapid pace of newspaper production fostered a distinctive workplace culture among compositors, proofreaders and editors. Numerous professional customs developed within the printing houses of Fleet Street, including traditional proofreading marks, compositors' terminology and newsroom superstitions intended to reduce printing errors before publication.

Many of these customs survived long after the printing methods that inspired them had disappeared.

== Editorial folklore ==

Fleet Street occupies a prominent place within the study of editorial folklore owing to the unusually large number of historical accounts describing inexplicable alterations to printed text.

Records preserved by the [[Royal Society of Everyday Phenomena]] describe incidents involving missing punctuation, altered headlines, repeated spelling anomalies and corrections that appeared after final proofs had already been approved for printing.

Conventional historians generally attribute such incidents to the pressures of nineteenth-century newspaper production and the complexity of manual typesetting. Researchers affiliated with the [[Folklorica Institute]], however, have proposed that some reports represent early documented examples of [[Typographic Drift]], a phenomenon in which written material appears to undergo subtle alteration without identifiable human intervention.

Among the best known figures associated with Fleet Street is [[Thia Typo]], whose career as a compositor became central to later investigations into unexplained editorial anomalies. The street is also traditionally associated with the [[Great Comma Incident]], one of the most frequently cited events in the history of editorial folklore.

== Legacy ==

Fleet Street remains one of the best-known streets in the history of British journalism and publishing.

Within the Encyclopedia Folklorica it is recognised as the historical centre of editorial folklore, representing the point at which centuries of printers' traditions, newsroom customs and unexplained textual anomalies first became the subject of organised academic study.

Modern researchers continue to examine surviving newspapers, printers' correspondence and publishing archives originating from Fleet Street in an effort to distinguish ordinary printing mistakes from events now classified as documented editorial phenomena.

== See also ==

* [[Thia Typo]]
* [[Typographic Drift]]
* [[Great Comma Incident]]
* [[Royal Society of Everyday Phenomena]]
* [[Folklorica Institute]]
* [[Journal of Everyday Phenomena]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* Briggs, Asa. ''The History of The Times''.
* Brown, Lucy. ''Victorian News and Newspapers''.
* Koss, Stephen. ''The Rise and Fall of the Political Press in Britain''.
* Wiener, Joel H. ''Papers for the Millions''.

== External links ==

* Official City of London information on Fleet Street
* Historical maps of Fleet Street
* Folklorica Institute Archives (forthcoming)

[[Category:City of London]]
[[Category:Streets in London]]
[[Category:Journalism]]
[[Category:Publishing]]
[[Category:Editorial folklore]]

Thia Typo

Eashcroft — Thu, 02 Jul 2026 01:27:56 GMT

Created page with "= Thia Typo = '''Miss Thia Typo''' (1848–1917) was an English typesetter employed in the newspaper district of Fleet Street during the late nineteenth century. Although remembered publicly for an extraordinary number of printing errors attributed to her, historians of the Royal Society of Everyday Phenomena argue that many of these incidents represented the earliest documented examples of ''Typographic Drift''. Thia Typo has since become one of the most f..."

New page

= Thia Typo =

'''Miss Thia Typo''' (1848–1917) was an English typesetter employed in the newspaper district of [[Fleet Street]] during the late nineteenth century. Although remembered publicly for an extraordinary number of printing errors attributed to her, historians of the [[Royal Society of Everyday Phenomena]] argue that many of these incidents represented the earliest documented examples of ''[[Typographic Drift]]''.

Thia Typo has since become one of the most frequently cited figures in editorial folklore and is commonly associated with unexplained textual anomalies.

== Early life ==

Little is known of Typo's early life. Surviving employment records indicate that she entered the London printing trade while still in her teens, developing a reputation as one of Fleet Street's fastest compositors.

== Career ==

Contemporary accounts describe Typo as meticulous in preparing type, yet newspapers employing her repeatedly published unexpected spelling mistakes, misplaced punctuation, and altered names. Witnesses consistently reported that handwritten copy submitted to the composing room had been correct.

Printers gradually began referring to any inexplicable printing mistake as "another Thia Typo", a phrase that entered common newsroom vocabulary by the closing years of the nineteenth century.

== The Great Comma Incident ==

Typo's career became inseparable from the [[Great Comma Incident]], an event that attracted the attention of scholars studying recurring editorial anomalies.

Although official investigations failed to establish a cause, later researchers proposed that the event represented an unusually concentrated occurrence of Typographic Drift.

== Legacy ==

Modern historians regard Thia Typo as the symbolic beginning of the academic study of editorial folklore.

Her name survives in publishing circles as a humorous explanation for otherwise inexplicable typographical errors.

== See also ==

* [[Royal Society of Everyday Phenomena]]
* [[Great Comma Incident]]
* [[Typographic Drift]]
* [[Fleet Street]]

[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Printers]]
[[Category:Editorial Folklore]]

Main Page

Eashcroft — Thu, 02 Jul 2026 01:26:51 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:26, 1 July 2026
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	~~<strong>MediaWiki has been installed.</strong>~~		= Encyclopedia Folklorica =

	~~Consult~~ the ~~[https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents User's Guide] for information on using the wiki software~~.		Welcome to the Encyclopedia Folklorica.

	~~== Getting started ==~~		Featured Article
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	* [~~https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:FAQ MediaWiki FAQ]~~		* [[Thia Typo]]
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	\|title=Victorian News and Newspapers		\|title=Victorian News and Newspapers
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